A 2025 longitudinal retrospective cohort study of data from 53,412 veterans with chronic pain assessed effects of use of Whole Health Services compared to non-users on downstream use of IPT. Whole Health emphasizes non-pharmacological approaches to chronic pain, including chiropractic, acupuncture, massage therapy, yoga, Tai Chi and meditation. Rates of IPT were estimated over 18 months. Results indicated that Whole Health use was associated with 42% lower utilization of IPT at 3 months but differences were minimal by 18 months (1%). The authors concluded that emphasizing non-drug approaches, such as Whole Health, may help patients interrupt patterns of escalating invasive pain management. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2025 cohort study with longitudinal follow-up evaluated the effect of chiropractic care on opioid prescriptions within 365 days of a primary care provider (PCP) visit for LBP among 128,377 opioid-naïve VA patients. Results showed that the incidence of opioid prescriptions we 13% for chiropractic users and 16.8% for non-users and the number needed to treat was 27. These results demonstrate that nonpharmacologic chiropractic care can be an important component of opioid sparing strategies for VHA patients with LBP. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2025 cross-sectional study modeled the future use of chiropractic services within the VA over the next 5 years. Results showed that the VA’s chiropractic use rate increased from 1.4% in FY2017 to 3.5% in FY2022, at which point 2.0% of VA users received only Community Care Network (CCN) chiropractic care, 1.3% only on-station, and 0.2% both. During the 6-year observation period, the compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) were overall 17.9%, CCN only 23.8%, on-station only 12.4%, and both 27.7%. Using those rates to extrapolate, by the end of FY2027 overall use will be 8.9%, with 5.9% only CCN, 2.3% only on-station, and 0.6% both. The authors concluded that overall use of VA chiropractic services is projected to more than double from FY 2022 to FY2027. These findings underscore the need for proactive resource planning to address the expected increased use of both CCN and on-station care. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated different treatment approaches in patients with tinnitus associated with TMD. 5 RCTs (n=329) were included; 2 RCTs focused on the efficacy of the multidisciplinary approach; 2 RCTs examined prognostic indicators of positive outcome after multidisciplinary orofacial treatment; 1 RCT analyzed the effect of low-level laser. Results indicated that a multidisciplinary non-invasive approach is the most efficacious treatment for tinnitus in patients diagnosed with TMD. Baseline tinnitus severity, gender, quality of life, age, and tinnitus duration were considered predictive factors of clinical outcomes. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2025 longitudinal retrospective cohort study of data from 53,412 veterans with chronic pain assessed effects of use of Whole Health Services compared to non-users on downstream use of IPT. Whole Health emphasizes non-pharmacological approaches to chronic pain, including chiropractic, acupuncture, massage therapy, yoga, Tai Chi and meditation. Rates of IPT were estimated over 18 months. Results indicated that Whole Health use was associated with 42% lower utilization of IPT at 3 months but differences were minimal by 18 months (1%). The authors concluded that emphasizing non-drug approaches, such as Whole Health, may help patients interrupt patterns of escalating invasive pain management. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2025 cohort study with longitudinal follow-up evaluated the effect of chiropractic care on opioid prescriptions within 365 days of a primary care provider (PCP) visit for LBP among 128,377 opioid-naïve VA patients. Results showed that the incidence of opioid prescriptions we 13% for chiropractic users and 16.8% for non-users and the number needed to treat was 27. These results demonstrate that nonpharmacologic chiropractic care can be an important component of opioid sparing strategies for VHA patients with LBP. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated different treatment approaches in patients with tinnitus associated with TMD. 5 RCTs (n=329) were included; 2 RCTs focused on the efficacy of the multidisciplinary approach; 2 RCTs examined prognostic indicators of positive outcome after multidisciplinary orofacial treatment; 1 RCT analyzed the effect of low-level laser. Results indicated that a multidisciplinary non-invasive approach is the most efficacious treatment for tinnitus in patients diagnosed with TMD. Baseline tinnitus severity, gender, quality of life, age, and tinnitus duration were considered predictive factors of clinical outcomes. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2024 observational study using survey and medical record data compared patient-reported outcomes for acupuncture and chiropractic care from VA providers versus community providers. Results indicated that acupuncture and chiropractic care were associated with modest improvements at 6 months, with no meaningful differences between VA and community providers. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2024 retrospective records analysis described early participation in Whole Health programs in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders (SCI/D) System of Care. Results indicated that utilization increased from 62 encounters to 1703 encounters between 2017 and 2019. Utilization of chiropractic care rose from 130 encounters to 418 encounters during the same time period. Similarly, utilization of complementary and integrative health programs increased from 886 encounters to 2655 encounters. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2024 systematic review assessed the utilization of CIM in military and veteran populations. Utilization varied by study; the lowest utilization found that only 1.9% of services delivered by military health systems were CIM. Most studies found utilization rates of 30%-80%. The most used CIM therapies included chiropractic care, massage, mindfulness/meditation, and acupuncture. Utilization of CIM products was high, ranging from 32%-87%. The most frequently used products were dietary supplements, particularly multivitamins and minerals, and protein supplements. Use of herbal products ranged from 10%-79%. The authors concluded that there is a high demand for CIM. ABSTRACT

A 2024 retrospective clinical review collected information on adults’ use of acupuncture, chiropractic, massage, integrative medicine consult, or osteopathic manipulation for pain, stress, or anxiety. Services were rendered at University Hospitals in Ohio between January 2019 and June 2020. 7335 clinical encounters from 2530 patients were included in the review. A numeric rating scale was utilized to assess the degree of symptoms. There were clinically meaningful immediate reductions in symptoms from the application of these different integrative health modalities. Long-term outcomes were not followed up. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2024 systematic review assessed the effect of non-surgical interventions to manage MSK conditions in active-serving military populations. 19 articles were included in the analysis. LBP was the most frequently investigated condition, followed by knee pain, neck pain, and shoulder pain. Early physical therapy (PT), exercise and adjunct chiropractic manipulation (for LBP), and multidisciplinary pain programs (PT, occupational therapy, and psychology for chronic MSK pain) improved pain and disability. No studies evaluated pain medication. Dietary supplements (glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and manganese ascorbate), electrotherapy, isolated lumbar muscle exercises, home cervical traction, or training in virtual reality showed no benefit. Currently, the available evidence is not sufficient to guide military organizations or healthcare professionals in making appropriate treatment decisions to manage MSK pain in active-serving military personnel. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2024 retrospective records analysis described early participation in Whole Health programs in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Spinal Cord Injuries and Disorders (SCI/D) System of Care. Results indicated that utilization increased from 62 encounters to 1703 encounters between 2017 and 2019. Utilization of chiropractic care rose from 130 encounters to 418 encounters during the same time period. Similarly, utilization of complementary and integrative health programs increased from 886 encounters to 2655 encounters. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2024 systematic review assessed the utilization of CIM in military and veteran populations. Utilization varied by study; the lowest utilization found that only 1.9% of services delivered by military health systems were CIM. The majority of studies found utilization rates of 30%-80%. The most commonly used CIM therapies included chiropractic care, massage, mindfulness/meditation, and acupuncture. Utilization of CIM products was high, ranging from 32%-87%. The most frequently used products were dietary supplements, particularly multivitamins and minerals, and protein supplements. Use of herbal products ranged from 10%-79%. The authors concluded that there is a high demand for CIM. ABSTRACT

A 2024 retrospective clinical review collected information on adults’ use of acupuncture, chiropractic, massage, integrative medicine consult, or osteopathic manipulation for pain, stress, or anxiety. Services were rendered at University Hospitals in Ohio between January 2019 and June 2020. 7335 clinical encounters from 2530 patients were included in the review. A numeric rating scale was utilized to assess the degree of symptoms. There were clinically meaningful immediate reductions in symptoms from the application of these different integrative health modalities. Long-term outcomes were not followed up. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2024 systematic review assessed the effect of non-surgical interventions to manage MSK conditions in active-serving military populations. Nineteen articles were included in the analysis. LBP was the most frequently investigated condition, followed by knee pain, neck pain, and shoulder pain. Early physical therapy (PT), exercise and adjunct chiropractic manipulation (for LBP), and multidisciplinary pain programs (PT, occupational therapy, and psychology for chronic MSK pain) improved pain and disability. No studies evaluated pain medication. Dietary supplements (glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, and manganese ascorbate), electrotherapy, isolated lumbar muscle exercises, home cervical traction, or training in virtual reality showed no benefit. Currently, the available evidence is not sufficient to guide military organizations or healthcare professionals in making appropriate treatment decisions to manage MSK pain in active-serving military personnel. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2023 systematic review assessed the prevalence and utilization of Complementary and Integrative Medicine (CIM) in the military and veteran populations. 27 studies with high-quality evidence and low risk of bias showed a variable utilization of CIM, with the majority showing utilization rates ranging from 30% to 80%. The most common therapies utilized were chiropractic, massage, mindfulness/meditation, and acupuncture. There was also high use of dietary supplements and herbal products. The study concluded that there was a high demand that should be addressed in policy, funding, and clinical integration into the health care system. ABSTRACT

A 2023 cross-sectional healthcare survey obtained information on the use and outcomes of 353 chronic illness patients’ utilization of integrative medicine. The most common complementary therapies used were physical therapy (82%), massage (68%), yoga (58%), chiropractic (48%) and meditation (43%). Patients with hypermobility disorders or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome commonly sought out complementary therapies to manage their symptoms. They noted that these practitioners provided greater time and attention. The study concluded that it might be beneficial to have a multidisciplinary healthcare team with complementary and self-care modalities to treat these hypermobility/ chronic illness patients. ABSTRACT

A 2023 systematic review identified evidence-based rehabilitation interventions for persons with non-specific low back pain (LBP) with and without radiculopathy and developed recommendations from high-quality clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) to inform the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Package of Interventions for Rehabilitation (PIR). Four high-quality clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) were included in the analysis. Recommended interventions include 1) education about recovery expectations, self-management strategies, and maintenance of usual activities; 2) multimodal approaches incorporating education, exercise, and spinal manipulation; 3) nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs combined with education in the acute stage; and 4) intensive interdisciplinary rehabilitation that includes exercise and cognitive/behavioral interventions for persistent pain. No high-quality CPGs were identified for people younger than 16 years of age. ABSTRACT

A 2023 scoping review examined the effectiveness of the interdisciplinary approach to temporomandibular disorders (TMD) using physical therapy and dental techniques. Six studies were included in the analysis. Outcomes evaluated included jaw mobility, pain intensity, and duration utilizing the Visual Analogue Scale, disability, surface EMG, pressure pain threshold, occlusal impairment, and tracking. Interdisciplinary care (including manual therapy, splint, and electrotherapy) had a positive influence on decreased symptoms, disability, and occlusive impairment. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2023 scoping review examined the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) in the rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. 90 studies were included in the analysis. Types of studies included randomized controlled trials (RCT), quasi-experimental studies, retrospective, mixed method designs, and case reports. Clinical outcomes assessed included activities of daily living, quality of life, pain, cognitive impairment, mental health, and physical impairment. It was found that 97% of the studies demonstrated an overall positive benefit of CIM. ABSTRACT

A 2023 scoping review examined the effectiveness of the interdisciplinary approach to temporomandibular disorders (TMD) using physical therapy and dental techniques. Six studies were included in the analysis. Outcomes evaluated included jaw mobility, pain intensity and duration utilizing the Visual Analogue Scale, disability, surface EMG, pressure pain threshold, occlusal impairment and tracking. Interdisciplinary care (including manual therapy, splint, and electrotherapy) had a positive influence on decreased symptoms, disability and occlusive impairment. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2023 scoping review examined the effectiveness of nonpharmacologic complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) in the rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients.  90 studies were included in the analysis. Types of studies included randomized controlled trials (RCT), quasi-experimental studies, retrospective, mixed method designs and case reports. Clinical outcomes assessed included activities of daily living, quality of life, pain, cognitive impairment, mental health and physical impairment. It was found that 97% of the studies demonstrated an overall positive benefit of CIM. ABSTRACT

A 2022 retrospective cohort study evaluated the impact of the Veterans Health Administration Whole Health pilot program. A chronic pain cohort of 4,869 veterans participating in the Whole Health services was compared to 118,888 veterans receiving conventional care. They found that prescribed opioid doses decreased by 12% within a year among those veterans who started complementary and integrative health therapies. These therapies included acupuncture, chiropractic care, therapeutic massage, yoga, Tai Chi/Qigong, meditation, guided imagery, clinical hypnosis, and biofeedback. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2022 scoping review explored the use and usual care, effectiveness and safety, and patient characteristics regarding paramedic care for back pain. The study included 26 articles and found that back pain is regularly one of the top three reasons for an ambulance call. About 16% of these calls for back pain are transported to the hospital. They noted that non-pharmacological paramedic care for back pain is poorly reported. The authors also stress that current primary care guidelines for back pain should be investigated as treatment options for ambulance guidelines for back pain care. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2022 descriptive cross-sectional study surveyed 245 chiropractors to investigate the practice characteristics of chiropractors who treat pediatric patients in Quebec, Canada. The sample was 63% women, 99% of participants reported seeing 0–5 new pediatric patients per week, and the most common pediatric age group was 6–12 year-olds (57%). The authors found that pediatric patient referral to a primary care provider or a pediatrician was rare unless presented with potential pediatric red flags in which case the indication for emergency referral was common. Participants did commonly report a co-management for scoliosis (> 20°), allergies, delay in motor development, muscle weakness, and chest discomfort. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2021 descriptive study proposed that medical specialties most relevant to typical US chiropractic practice are internal medicine, family medicine, emergency medicine, physical medicine and rehabilitation, neurology, pain medicine, rheumatology, radiology, orthopedic surgery, and neurological surgery. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2019 survey of the perception of conventional medical practitioners toward integrative, complementary, and alternative medicine (ICAM), including chiropractic, was distributed among 200 medical practitioners in India (response rate 65%). Over 50% of respondents reported personal usage of ICAM. Most reported a positive response with ICAM treatment (only 1 negative response to chiropractic), and a majority (74%) had also recommended ICAM to their patients in the past.²

A 2019 publication surveyed 310 fibromyalgia patients about their use of complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) therapies in the past. Of these, 98% reported using some form of CIM. Chiropractic was one of the most frequently used (39%). The results indicate a rising trend in the use of some CIM therapies among patients with fibromyalgia and suggest health care professionals be aware of and knowledgeable about these various modalities.³

A 2020 survey sought to evaluate the self-reported use and perceived effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in adults and children with inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). Of the 44 participants, 61% reported CAM use, most commonly chiropractic manipulation. However, only 40% of users had discussed it with their health care provider.⁴

1. Emary PC, Brown AL, Cameron DF, Pessoa AF. Chiropractic integration within a community health centre: a cost description and partial analysis of cost-utility from the perspective of the institution. J Can Chiropr Assoc. Aug 2019;63(2):64-79. FREE FULL TEXT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6743653/
2. Joseph N, Talwar C, Sikdar I, et al. Experiences and Perceptions Toward Integrative, Complementary, and Alternative Medicine Among Conventional Medicine Practitioners of Mangalore, India. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. Sep 2019;42(7):492-502. https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/playContent/1-s2.0-S016147541830229X?scrollTo=%23hl0001532
3. Mohabbat AB, Mahapatra S, Jenkins SM, et al. Use of Complementary and Integrative Therapies by Fibromyalgia Patients: A 14-Year Follow-up Study. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. Dec 2019;3(4):418-428. doi:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2019.07.003 FREE FULL TEXT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6978595/
4. Tao J, Rupar CA, Miller MR, et al. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in patients with inborn errors of metabolism: A single-center study. JIMD Rep. Jan 2020;51(1):105-112. doi:10.1002/jmd2.12089. FREE FULL TEXT https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7012736/

• A 2018 study of inpatients who received multidisciplinary rehab care that included chiropractic. Typically, chiropractic is not offered in such settings. It required modifications of the typical delivery of chiropractic care due to patients having significant functional limitations and comorbidity.⁶
• A related study described professional qualities chiropractors showed that enhanced patient outcomes and interprofessional teamwork.⁷
• A 2018 survey described 50 DCs working in private sector integrated health care facilities. Most respondents were men with a mean 21 years of experience in chiropractic working in hospitals (40%), multispecialty offices (21%), ambulatory clinics (16%), or other (21%) health care settings. Most (68%) were employees and received salary compensation (59%). More than 60% reported co-management of patients with medical professionals.⁸
• This 2017 study described patients seeking chiropractic, acupuncture, or massage therapy in a dedicated Center for Complementary Medicine (CCM) within an Integrated Health Care Delivery System. Spine/truncal pain was the most common complaint and chiropractic the most common modality among patients receiving CCM services in an IHDS. More than one-third of patients self-referred to the CCM.⁹

• This 2018 paper described the Global Spine Care Initiative: (1) principles to transform the delivery of spine care; (2) an evidence-based model that could be applied globally; and (3) implementation suggestions. Slides about the project can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.¹⁰
• This report described the Global Spine Care Initiative’s development of an evidence-based care pathway that can be implemented globally. Slides about the project can be retrieved under Electronic Supplementary Material.¹¹

• This white paper details the evidence base for nonpharmacologic therapies effective for various types of pain.¹²
• This brief critical review addresses integrative therapies for chronic pain, including nutritional supplements, yoga, relaxation, tai chi, massage, spinal manipulation, and acupuncture.¹³

• Taylor SL, Hoggatt KJ, Kligler B. Complementary and Integrated Health Approaches: What Do Veterans Use and Want. J Gen Intern Med. 2019;34(7):1192-9.
• Taylor SL, Herman PM, Marshall NJ, et al. Use of Complementary and Integrated Health: A Retrospective Analysis of U.S. Veterans with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Nationally. J Altern Complement Med. 2019;25(1):32-39.
• Lisi AJ, Salsbury SA, Hawk C, et al. Chiropractic Integrated Care Pathway for Low Back Pain in Veterans: Results of a Delphi Consensus Process. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2018;41(2):137-148. FREE FULL TEXT
• Donaldson MT, Polusny MA, MacLehose RF, et al. Patterns of conventional and complementary non-pharmacological health practice use by US military veterans: a cross-sectional latent class analysis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018;18(1):246. FREE FULL TEXT
• Madsen C, Vaughan M, Koehlmoos TP. Use of Integrative Medicine in the United States Military Health System. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2017;2017:9529257. FREE FULL TEXT
• Vining RD, Salsbury SA, Cooley WC, Gosselin D, Corber L, Goertz CM. Patients receiving chiropractic care in a neurorehabilitation hospital: a descriptive study. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2018;11:223-231. FREE FULL TEXT
• Salsbury SA, Vining RD, Gosselin D, Goertz CM. Be good, communicate, and collaborate: a qualitative analysis of stakeholder perspectives on adding a chiropractor to the multidisciplinary rehabilitation team. Chiropr Man Therap. 2018;26:29. FREE FULL TEXT
• Salsbury SA, Goertz CM, Twist EJ, Lisi AJ. Integration of doctors of dhiropractic into private sector health care facilities in the United States: a descriptive survey. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2018;41(2):149-155. FREE FULL TEXT
• McCubbin T, Kempe KL, Beck A. Complementary and Alternative Medicine in an Integrated Health Care Delivery System: Users of Chiropractic, Acupuncture, and Massage Services. Perm J. 2017;21:16-172. FREE FULL TEXT
• Johnson CD, Haldeman S, Chou R, et al. The Global Spine Care Initiative: model of care and implementation. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(Suppl 6):925-945. FREE FULL TEXT
• Haldeman S, Johnson CD, Chou R, et al. The Global Spine Care Initiative: care pathway for people with spine-related concerns. Eur Spine J. 2018;27(Suppl 6):901-914. FREE FULL TEXT
• Tick H, Nielsen A, Pelletier KR, et al. Evidence-Based Nonpharmacologic Strategies for Comprehensive Pain Care: The Consortium Pain Task Force White Paper. Explore (NY). 2018;14(3):177-211. FREE FULL TEXT
• Lin YC, Wan L, Jamison RN. Using Integrative Medicine in Pain Management: An Evaluation of Current Evidence. Anesth Analg. 2017;125(6):2081-2093.

• A 2021 descriptive study proposed that medical specialties most relevant to typical US chiropractic practice are internal medicine, family medicine, emergency medicine, physical medicine and rehabilitation, neurology, pain medicine, rheumatology, radiology, orthopedic surgery, and neurological surgery. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2020 national survey combined with electronic health records data estimated patterns and predictors of self-reported CIH/nondrug therapy use for chronic pain within a representative national sample of US military veterans prescribed long-term opioids for chronic pain. Self-reported use of each of 10 CIH/nondrug therapies to treat or cope with chronic pain in the past year were recorded: meditation/mindfulness, relaxation, psychotherapy, yoga, t’ai chi, aerobic exercise, stretching/strengthening, acupuncture, chiropractic, massage. 80% reported past-year use of at least 1 nondrug therapy for pain, with 15% reporting use of chiropractic. FREE FULL TEXT

This 2020 observational study within a community health center resulted in improvement in spinal pain and disability with chiropractic care versus a multidisciplinary pain team. Offering similar services in primary care may help to address pain and disability, and hopefully limit external referrals, advanced imaging, and opioid prescriptions. FREE FULL TEXT

This 2020 survey assessed the interest of surgical patients in CAM, and emphasizes the importance of physicians’ knowledge of CAM. As the percentage of CAM users among orthopedic and trauma patients is substantial and the need for information about CAM is high it would, from a patient-centered perspective, be desirable if also surgeons and specialists in orthopedics are informed about CAM options. FREE FULL TEXT

This 2020 clinical practice guideline made evidence-based recommendations for a variety of conservative treatment approaches to the management of common chronic MSK pain. It aimed to advance consistency of care, foster collaboration between provider groups, and thereby improve patient outcomes. FREE FULL TEXT

In a 2020 commentary, incorporation of MSK-S was shown, anecdotally, to be effective in treating acute MSK complaints as providers and patients were both able to benefit from the conservative options available in the ED. ED staff were receptive to the presence of the MSK-S for triage and management. FULL FREE TEXT

The results of this study shed light on medical care under everyday conditions using scientific, interdisciplinary methods and examines the outcome changes following routine care. Patients in multimodal programs can benefit substantially from the variety of therapies and the frequent procedures that are carried out in quick succession, which can also contribute to high patient satisfaction. Studies demonstrate that holistic, multimodal treatment programs may in addition have a positive influence on doctor–patient communication and the patient’s trust in doctors and nurses. FREE FULL TEXT

Strategies are needed to help inform medical health professionals of the current guidelines to promote early access to health professionals likely to provide an active approach to treatment, and to address unnecessary referral to radiology and medical specialists in individuals with on-going WAD. FREE FULL TEXT

CAM therapies are frequently used by patients visiting the ED in Sweden, and almost one in ten uses CAM on the same day as the ED visit. Increased CAM usage was associated with sex, age, and socioeconomical factors, consistent with previous international research. CAM use was also associated with lower use of prescription drugs and higher use of non-prescription drugs. A lack of communication about CAM use between the ED healthcare professionals and patients was evident. FREE FULL TEXT

A 2020 survey sought to evaluate the self-reported use and perceived effectiveness of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in adults and children with inborn errors of metabolism (IEM). Of the 44 participants, 61% reported CAM use, most commonly chiropractic manipulation. However, only 40% of users had discussed it with their health care provider. FREE FULL TEXT